Males will have their own contraceptives?

An experimental male contraceptive drug is being tested on rats by researchers of the international Population Council's Center for Biomedical Research, said a report Tuesday in the journal Nature Medicine.
The drug, called Adjudin, which temporarily blocks the development of sperm does not interfere with testosterone levels in men and its effects wears off in 20 weeks.
So far, a male contraceptive pill has proved difficult to produce because of a basic biological fact of human reproduction: a man naturally produces about 150 million sperm each day of his adult life. Existing chemical contraceptives for men under development are based on altering the levels of sex hormones circulating in the bloodstream in order to inhibit the natural state of male hyper-fertility.
Adjudin nips wannabe sperm cells in the bud. Those cells, called germ cells, ordinarily develop into sperm. But they need the help of other cells, called Sertoli cells, to reach that destiny.
Tests on vital organs, such as kidneys, liver, brain, heart, prostate gland and other cells of the testes showed that the drug had no effect, one researcher who pioneered the study, said. In men the drug would have to be taken as an implant rather than an oral pill as it is broken down in the digestive tract.
The rats quickly regained their ability to produce normal levels of sperm once the drug had been cleared from their bloodstream. In humans this would be a critical feature if the drug is to be acceptable to the public, he said.

科学哲学术语对照表

ad hoc hypothesis 特设性假说 naive realism 朴素实在论
anomaly 反常 negative heuristic 反面启发法
auxiliary assumption 辅助假定 non-normal science 非常规科学
auxiliary hypothesis 辅助假说 non-science 非科学
basic statement 基本陈述 normal science 常规科学
behaviourism 行为主义 object language 对象语言
conceptual framework 概念框架 objectivism 客观主义
confirm 确证 observational statement 观察陈述
confirmation 确证 operativism 操作主义
conjecture 推测 panpsychism 泛心论
conventionalism 约定论 parallelism 平行论
conversion 改宗、改变信仰
paradigm 规范
corroborate 确认 perceptual experience 知觉经验
corroboration 确认 physicalism 物理主义
counter-induction 反归纳 pluralism 多元论
critical rationalism 批判理性主义 pluralistic realism 多元实在论
critical realism 批判实在论 positive heuristic 正面启发法
critical thought 批判思维
positivism 实证主义
crucial experiment 判决性实验 potential falsifier 潜在证伪者
deduction 演绎、演绎法 prescience 前科学
degree of corroboration 确认度 principle of induction 归纳原理
determinism 决定论 principle of proliferation 扩散原理
dogmatic thought 教条思维 principle of tenacity 靭性原理
demarcation 分界 principle of transference 传递原理
disposition 素质、倾向 problem of induction 归纳问题
downward causation 下向因果性 problem shift 问题转换
emergence 突现 problem situation 问题状况
epiphenomenalism 附带现象论 proof 证明
epistemological anarchy 认识论无政府状态 propensity 倾向性
epistemology 认识论 pseudo-science 类科学、伪科学
error-elimination 除错 psychologism 心理主义
essentialism 本质论 radical instrumentalism 激进工具主义
explanation 解释 rationlism 理性主义
fallibilism 易谬主义 rationality 理性
fallibility 易谬性 realism 实在论
falsifiability 可证伪性 reality 实在
falsification 证伪 reductionism 还原论
falsificationism 证伪主义 refutability 可反驳的
falsify 证伪 refutation 反驳
falsity content 虚假性内容 research programme 研究纲领
first world 第一世界 second world 第二世界
formal language 形式语言 simplicity 简单性
gestalt switch 格式塔转换 singular statement 单称陈述
improbablity 不可几性 sophisticated falsificationism 精致的证伪主义
irrationalism 非理性主义 subjectioism 主观主义
guess 猜测 tentative theory 试验性理论
heuristic 启发法 test 检验
hypothesis 假说 testability 可检验性
indeterminism 非决定论 theory-laden 渗透理论
induction 归纳、归纳法 third world 第三世界
inductionism 归纳主义 thought experiment 思想实验
initial condition 初始条件 trial and error 试错法
instant rationality 即时理性 truth content 真理性内容
instrumentalism 工具主义 universal statement 全称陈述
interactionism 相互作用论 upward causation 上向因果性
irrefutability 不可反驳性 verifiability 可证实的
justification 证明 verification 证实
justify 证明 verify 证实
justificationism 证明主义 verisimilitude 逼真性
logical positivism 逻辑实证主义 world 1 世界1
macrologic 宏观逻辑 world 2 世界2
mentalism 精神主义 world 3 世界3
metalanguage 元语言
metascience 元科学
metatheory 元理论
micrologic 微观逻辑
naive falsificationism 朴素证伪主义
naive instrumentalism 朴素工具主义

房地产英语常用词汇

按揭贷款mortgage loan
按揭购房to buy a house on mortgage; to mortgage a house
房屋空置率housing vacancy rate
安居工程Comfortable Housing Project
板楼，板式楼slab-type apartment building
搬迁户a relocated unit or household
财产税 property tax; estate(or capital) duty
拆迁补偿费compensation for demolition
拆迁费用removal expense
城镇住房公积金urban housing provident fund
低价住房low-cost housing
二手房second-hand house
房产估价师real estate assessor
房产证property ownership certificate
房屋置换buy or exchange houses
炒房者real estate speculator
房改housing system reform
房管real estate management
房权证property right certificate
房产市场real estate market
房屋空置率housing vacancy rate
福利分房welfare-oriented public housing allocation system
个人购房贷款individual housing loan
公房商品化commercialization of public housing
集资房 houses built with funds collected by the buyers
居民住房建设residential construction
人均住房per-capital housing
现房complete department (or flat)
期房forward delivery housing
商品房commercial residential building
商品房空置the vacancy in commercial housing
政策性住房policy-related house, policy-based house
住房补贴rental allowance; housing allowance
住房分配货币化进程capitalization process of housing distribution/allocation

美军军衔

Army 陆军
General of the Army 五星上将
General 上将
Lieutenant General 中将
Major General 少将
Brigadier General 准将
Colonel 上校
Lieutenant Colonel 中校
Major 少校
Captain 上尉
First Lieutenant 中尉
Second Lieutenant 少尉
Chief Warrant Officer 一级准尉
Warrant Officer 二级准尉
Master Sergeant 军士长
Sergeant First Class 上士
Sergeant 中士
Corporal 下士
Private First Class 一等兵
Private 二等兵
Basic Private 三等兵
Air Force 空军
General of the Air Force 五星上将
General 上将
Lieutenant General 中将
Major General 少将
Brigadier General 准将
Colonel 上校
Lieutenant Colonel 中校
Mayor 少校
Captain 上尉
First Lieutenant 中尉
Second Lieutenant 少尉
Chief Warrant Officer 一级准尉
Warrant Officer 二级准尉
Master Sergeant 军士长
Technical Sergeant 技术军士
Staff Sergeant 参谋军士

GRE试题（一）

SECTION 1
Time - 30 minutes
38 Questions
Directions： Each sentence below has one or two blanks， each blank indicating that
something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered words or sets
of words. Choose the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the meaning
of the sentence as a whole.
1. Nonviolent demonstrations often create such ten- sions that a community that has
constantly refused to —— its injustices is forced to correct them： the injustices
can no longer be ——。
（A）acknowledge……ignored
（B）decrease……verified
（C）tolerate……accepted
（D）address……eliminated
（E）explain……discussed
2. Since 1813 reaction to Jane Austen‘s novels has oscillated between ——
and condescension； but in general later writers have esteemed her works more highly than
did most of her literary ——。
（A）dismissal……admirers
（B）adoration. .contemporaries
（C）disapprpval……readers
（D）indifference……followers
（E）approbation……precursors
3. There are， as yet， no vegetation types or ecosystems whose study has been ——
to the extent that they no longer —— ecologists.
（A）perfected……hinder
（B）exhausted……interest
（C）prolonged……require
（D）prevented……challenge
（E）delayed……benefit
4. Under ethical guidelines recently adopted by the National lnstitutes of Health，
human genes are to be manipulated only to correct diseases for which ——
treatments are unsatisfactory.
（A）similar
（B）most
（C）dangerous
（D）uncommon
（E）alternative
5. It was her view that the country‘s problems had been —— by foreign technocrats，
so that to invite them to come back would be counterproductive.
（A）foreseen
（B）attacked
（C）ascertained
（D）exacerbated
（E）analyzed
6. Winsor McCay， the cartoonist， could draw with incredible ——： his comic strip
about Little Nemo was characterized by marvelous draftsmanship and sequencing.
（A）sincerity
（B）efficiency
（C）virtuosity
（D）rapidity
（E）energy
7. The actual —— of Wilson‘s position was always —— by his refusal to
compromise after having initially agreed to negotiate a settlement.
（A）outcome……foreshadowed
（B）logic……enhanced
（C）rigidity……betrayed
（D）uncertainty……alleviated
（E）cowardice……highlighted
Directions： In each of the foiiowing questions， a related pair of words or phrases
is followed by five lettered pairs of words or phrases. Select the lettered pair that
best expresses a relationship similar to that expressed in the original pair.
8. SEDATTVE ： DROWSlNESS ：：
（A）epidemic ： contagiousness
（B）vaccine ： virus
（C）laxative ： drug
（D）anestheiic ： numbness
（E）therapy ： psychosis
9.LAWYER：COURTROOM：：
（A）participant ： team
（B）commuter ： train
（C）gladiator ： arena
（D）senator ： caucus
（E）patient ： ward
10. CURIOSITY ： KNOW ：：
（A）temptation ： conquer
（B）starvation ： eat
（C）wanderlust ： travel
（D）humor ： laugh
（E）survival ： live
11. FRUGAL ： MISERLY ：：
（A）confident ： arrogant
（B）courageouss ： pugnacious
（C）famous ： aggressive
（D）rash ： foolhardy
（E）quiet ： timid
12. ANTIDOTE ： POISON ：：
（A）cure ： recovery
（B）narcotic ： sleep
（C）stimulant ： relapse
（D）tonic ： lethargy
（E）resuscitation ： breathing
13. STYGIAN.： DARK ：：
（A）abysmal ： low
（B）cogent ： contentious
（C）fortuitous.： accidental
（D）reckless ： threatening
（E）cataclysmic ： doomed
14. WORSHIP ： SACRIFICE ：：
（A）generation ： pyre
（B）burial ： mortuary
（C）weapon ： centurion
（D）massacre ： invasion
（E）prediction ： augury
15. EVANESCENT ： l）ISAPPEAR ：
（A）tlansparent ： penetrate
（B）onerous ： struggle
（C）feckless ： succeed
（D）illusory ： exist
（E）pliant ： yield
16. UPBRAlD ： REPROACH ：：
（A）dote ： like
（B）lal： ： stray
（C）vex ： please
（D）earn ： desire
（E）recast ： explain
Directions： Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content.
After reading a passage， choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions
following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.
lt has been known for many decades that the appear-
ance of sunspots is roughly periodic， with an average
cycle of eleven years. Moreover， the incidence of solar
flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays， ultraviolet radia-
tion， and x-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot （5）
cycle. But after more than a century of investigation. the
relation of these and other phenomena， known collec-
tively as the solar-activity cycle， to terrescrial weather
and climate remains unclear. For example. the sunspot
cycle and the allied rnagnetic-polarity cycle have been （10）
linked to periodicities discerned in records of such vari-
ables as rainhll. temperature， and winds. lnvariably，
however， the relation is weak. and commonly ofdubious
statistical significance.
Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also （15）
been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in
the notes kept by European observers in the late seven-
teenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some schol-
ars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity at
that time （a period called the Maunder minimum）。 The （20）
Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual
cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early
nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder mini-
mum has yet to be established， however， especially since
the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar （25）
activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scien-
tists have also sought evidence of long-term solar period-
icities by examining indirect climatological data， such as
fossil recoras of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These
studies， however， failed to link unequivocally terrestrial（30）
climate and the solar-activity cycle， or even to contirm
the cycle‘s past existenue.
If consistPn！ and re！iab！e geo！sgigal~-arek-xologieal
evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant
past could be found， it might also resolve an important（35）
issue in solar physics： how to model solar activity. Cur-
rently， chere are two models of solar activity. The tirst
supposes that the Sun‘s internal motions （caused by
rotation and convection）interact with its large-scale
magnetic field to produce a dynamo. a device in which（40）
mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a mag-
netic field. ln short. the Sun‘s large-scale magnetic field
is taken to be self-sustaining， so that the solar-activity
cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall
changc for perhaps billions of years. The alternative（45）
exp）anarion supposes that the Sun‘s large-sca）e magnetic
field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it
formed， and is not sustained against decay. In this
model. the solar mechanism dependent on the Sun‘s
magnetiC field runs down more quickly. Thus， the char-（50）
acteristics of the solar-activity cycle uvuld be expected to
change over a long period of time. Modern solar obser-
vations span too short a time to reveal whether present
cyclical solar aCtivity is a long-lived feature of the Sun，
or merely a transient phenomenon.