Liver Cancer
There is no consensus regarding the optimal treatment of patients with liver tumors. This contributes to the pessimistic attitude that many have regarding the treatment of liver cancer. Aggressive treatment strategies can cure or significantly prolong the life of many patients with liver cancer.
The liver is a common site of metastases from a variety of organs such as lung， breast， colon and rectum. When liver metastases occur at the time of initial diagnosis of the primary tumor， they are described as synchronous. If detected after the initial diagnosis， they are described as metachronous. The liver is frequently involved since it receives blood from the abdominal organs via the portal vein. Malignant cells detach from the primary cancer， enter the bloodstream or lymphatic channels， travel to the liver， and grow independently. We do not understand the mechanism of how a tumor cell can leave the primary site and grow in specific organs. Potentially， the environment of the liver is suitable to the growth of certain tumor cells. Once a tumor begins to grow in the liver， it receives its blood supply from the hepatic artery.
肝癌
对肝癌的治疗有分歧。这有利于许多对肝癌治疗持悲观态度。有创见的治疗方案是能治疗或延长肝癌病人的生命。
肝是一些器官，如：肺、乳房、结肠和直肠的共同转移地。在原发性肿瘤的早期诊断时发现肝转移，称作同步。如果在早期诊断后发现，称作异步。由于肝通过门静脉接受腹腔器官来的血液，所以肝常受累。恶性细胞从原发癌脱离，通过血流或淋巴管，来到肝独立生长。我们不明白一个瘤细胞是如何离开原发部位来到特异器官生长的原理。当然，肝是适合某些特定瘤细胞的生长环境。一旦一个瘤在肝生长繁殖，它接受肝动脉的血供。
2008年2月24日星期日
A Conversation on Traditional Chinese Medicine
D：Hello, Mr. Smith. How are you felling today?
病人：好多了。谢谢！今天我可以坐直了。针灸的确很棒。
P： Much better, thank you! I can sit straight today. The acupuncture is really great.
医生：不错。中医有五千年的历史。它对疾病的发生，发展和治疗都有着完整的理论体系。针灸只不过是治疗像你的椎骨侧突疾病的一种最有效的方式。
D：Yes, Chinese Traditional Medicine （TCM）has a history of more than 5,000 years. It has a complete theory about the occurrence, development and treatment of diseases.
Acupuncture is only one of the most effective ways to treat diseases such as your pleurapophysis.
病人：尽管如此，我的许多同事对中医还是有些不解。你能否多给我讲点？
P：All the same, many of my colleagues feel much puzzled about TCM. Would you please tell me more about it？
医生：没问题。根据中医理论，疾病的发生是阴阳失调所致。而疾病的治疗就是阴阳的平衡。
D：Sure. According to TCM theory, the occurrence of diseases is the incoordination between Yin and Yang and the treatment of diseases is the reestablishement of the equilibrium between them.
病人：好多了。谢谢！今天我可以坐直了。针灸的确很棒。
P： Much better, thank you! I can sit straight today. The acupuncture is really great.
医生：不错。中医有五千年的历史。它对疾病的发生，发展和治疗都有着完整的理论体系。针灸只不过是治疗像你的椎骨侧突疾病的一种最有效的方式。
D：Yes, Chinese Traditional Medicine （TCM）has a history of more than 5,000 years. It has a complete theory about the occurrence, development and treatment of diseases.
Acupuncture is only one of the most effective ways to treat diseases such as your pleurapophysis.
病人：尽管如此，我的许多同事对中医还是有些不解。你能否多给我讲点？
P：All the same, many of my colleagues feel much puzzled about TCM. Would you please tell me more about it？
医生：没问题。根据中医理论，疾病的发生是阴阳失调所致。而疾病的治疗就是阴阳的平衡。
D：Sure. According to TCM theory, the occurrence of diseases is the incoordination between Yin and Yang and the treatment of diseases is the reestablishement of the equilibrium between them.
Vegetables down cognitive decline in old age
BEIJING, Oct. 25 (Xinhuanet) —— High consumption of vegetables —— particularly green, leafy ones —— rather than fruit will protect your brain against decline in thinking ability in old age, U.S. researchers reported Tuesday in the journal Neurology.
The findings by Rush University Medical Center researchers suggest a diet that includes two to three-and-a-half-cup servings of vegetables might boost the memory and protect against Alzheimer's disease.
"People who consumed two or more vegetables a day had a 35 to 40 percent decrease in the decline in thinking ability over six years," said study lead author Martha Clare Morris, associate professor at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. "That's the equivalent of being five years younger in age."
Morris' team surveyed 3,718 research participants aged 65 or above who live in the south side of Chicago.
The researchers used a complete food questionnaire of 139 different food items. They asked about the participants' usual intake and assessed the frequency of intake. During the six-year study, the participants received at least two cognitive tests that measured their memory and thinking speed.
"By far, the association with a slower rate of decline was found in the group that ate high amounts of green, leafy vegetables," Morris said. Such foods included lettuce and tossed salad, spinach, kale and collards.
Eating lots of fruit, this study found, was not associated with benefits similar to eating a vegetable-rich diet. Morris said it's possible that some fruit may contain compounds that counteract antioxidants but further studies are needed to determine whether fruit is brain-protective.
Other research said fruit did provide similar benefit, so it is still recommended.
Morris suspected that vegetables may help protect memory and thinking speed because they contain high amounts of vitamin E, an antioxidant that can help reduce the damage caused by free radicals, unstable oxygen molecules generated by normal metabolism that can damage neurons in the brain and contribute to dementia.
But she said it's too soon to say for sure that vegetables actually preserve the brain from age-related decline.
"But it's encouraging to see that it appears to slow the rate of decline," she said. "We know that eating vegetables is important for chronic diseases. So this might be one more reason why you should eat your vegetables."
The findings by Rush University Medical Center researchers suggest a diet that includes two to three-and-a-half-cup servings of vegetables might boost the memory and protect against Alzheimer's disease.
"People who consumed two or more vegetables a day had a 35 to 40 percent decrease in the decline in thinking ability over six years," said study lead author Martha Clare Morris, associate professor at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. "That's the equivalent of being five years younger in age."
Morris' team surveyed 3,718 research participants aged 65 or above who live in the south side of Chicago.
The researchers used a complete food questionnaire of 139 different food items. They asked about the participants' usual intake and assessed the frequency of intake. During the six-year study, the participants received at least two cognitive tests that measured their memory and thinking speed.
"By far, the association with a slower rate of decline was found in the group that ate high amounts of green, leafy vegetables," Morris said. Such foods included lettuce and tossed salad, spinach, kale and collards.
Eating lots of fruit, this study found, was not associated with benefits similar to eating a vegetable-rich diet. Morris said it's possible that some fruit may contain compounds that counteract antioxidants but further studies are needed to determine whether fruit is brain-protective.
Other research said fruit did provide similar benefit, so it is still recommended.
Morris suspected that vegetables may help protect memory and thinking speed because they contain high amounts of vitamin E, an antioxidant that can help reduce the damage caused by free radicals, unstable oxygen molecules generated by normal metabolism that can damage neurons in the brain and contribute to dementia.
But she said it's too soon to say for sure that vegetables actually preserve the brain from age-related decline.
"But it's encouraging to see that it appears to slow the rate of decline," she said. "We know that eating vegetables is important for chronic diseases. So this might be one more reason why you should eat your vegetables."
2007年12月11日星期二
Males will have their own contraceptives?
An experimental male contraceptive drug is being tested on rats by researchers of the international Population Council's Center for Biomedical Research, said a report Tuesday in the journal Nature Medicine.
The drug, called Adjudin, which temporarily blocks the development of sperm does not interfere with testosterone levels in men and its effects wears off in 20 weeks.
So far, a male contraceptive pill has proved difficult to produce because of a basic biological fact of human reproduction: a man naturally produces about 150 million sperm each day of his adult life. Existing chemical contraceptives for men under development are based on altering the levels of sex hormones circulating in the bloodstream in order to inhibit the natural state of male hyper-fertility.
Adjudin nips wannabe sperm cells in the bud. Those cells, called germ cells, ordinarily develop into sperm. But they need the help of other cells, called Sertoli cells, to reach that destiny.
Tests on vital organs, such as kidneys, liver, brain, heart, prostate gland and other cells of the testes showed that the drug had no effect, one researcher who pioneered the study, said. In men the drug would have to be taken as an implant rather than an oral pill as it is broken down in the digestive tract.
The rats quickly regained their ability to produce normal levels of sperm once the drug had been cleared from their bloodstream. In humans this would be a critical feature if the drug is to be acceptable to the public, he said.
The drug, called Adjudin, which temporarily blocks the development of sperm does not interfere with testosterone levels in men and its effects wears off in 20 weeks.
So far, a male contraceptive pill has proved difficult to produce because of a basic biological fact of human reproduction: a man naturally produces about 150 million sperm each day of his adult life. Existing chemical contraceptives for men under development are based on altering the levels of sex hormones circulating in the bloodstream in order to inhibit the natural state of male hyper-fertility.
Adjudin nips wannabe sperm cells in the bud. Those cells, called germ cells, ordinarily develop into sperm. But they need the help of other cells, called Sertoli cells, to reach that destiny.
Tests on vital organs, such as kidneys, liver, brain, heart, prostate gland and other cells of the testes showed that the drug had no effect, one researcher who pioneered the study, said. In men the drug would have to be taken as an implant rather than an oral pill as it is broken down in the digestive tract.
The rats quickly regained their ability to produce normal levels of sperm once the drug had been cleared from their bloodstream. In humans this would be a critical feature if the drug is to be acceptable to the public, he said.
科学哲学术语对照表
ad hoc hypothesis 特设性假说 naive realism 朴素实在论
anomaly 反常 negative heuristic 反面启发法
auxiliary assumption 辅助假定 non-normal science 非常规科学
auxiliary hypothesis 辅助假说 non-science 非科学
basic statement 基本陈述 normal science 常规科学
behaviourism 行为主义 object language 对象语言
conceptual framework 概念框架 objectivism 客观主义
confirm 确证 observational statement 观察陈述
confirmation 确证 operativism 操作主义
conjecture 推测 panpsychism 泛心论
conventionalism 约定论 parallelism 平行论
conversion 改宗、改变信仰
paradigm 规范
corroborate 确认 perceptual experience 知觉经验
corroboration 确认 physicalism 物理主义
counter-induction 反归纳 pluralism 多元论
critical rationalism 批判理性主义 pluralistic realism 多元实在论
critical realism 批判实在论 positive heuristic 正面启发法
critical thought 批判思维
positivism 实证主义
crucial experiment 判决性实验 potential falsifier 潜在证伪者
deduction 演绎、演绎法 prescience 前科学
degree of corroboration 确认度 principle of induction 归纳原理
determinism 决定论 principle of proliferation 扩散原理
dogmatic thought 教条思维 principle of tenacity 靭性原理
demarcation 分界 principle of transference 传递原理
disposition 素质、倾向 problem of induction 归纳问题
downward causation 下向因果性 problem shift 问题转换
emergence 突现 problem situation 问题状况
epiphenomenalism 附带现象论 proof 证明
epistemological anarchy 认识论无政府状态 propensity 倾向性
epistemology 认识论 pseudo-science 类科学、伪科学
error-elimination 除错 psychologism 心理主义
essentialism 本质论 radical instrumentalism 激进工具主义
explanation 解释 rationlism 理性主义
fallibilism 易谬主义 rationality 理性
fallibility 易谬性 realism 实在论
falsifiability 可证伪性 reality 实在
falsification 证伪 reductionism 还原论
falsificationism 证伪主义 refutability 可反驳的
falsify 证伪 refutation 反驳
falsity content 虚假性内容 research programme 研究纲领
first world 第一世界 second world 第二世界
formal language 形式语言 simplicity 简单性
gestalt switch 格式塔转换 singular statement 单称陈述
improbablity 不可几性 sophisticated falsificationism 精致的证伪主义
irrationalism 非理性主义 subjectioism 主观主义
guess 猜测 tentative theory 试验性理论
heuristic 启发法 test 检验
hypothesis 假说 testability 可检验性
indeterminism 非决定论 theory-laden 渗透理论
induction 归纳、归纳法 third world 第三世界
inductionism 归纳主义 thought experiment 思想实验
initial condition 初始条件 trial and error 试错法
instant rationality 即时理性 truth content 真理性内容
instrumentalism 工具主义 universal statement 全称陈述
interactionism 相互作用论 upward causation 上向因果性
irrefutability 不可反驳性 verifiability 可证实的
justification 证明 verification 证实
justify 证明 verify 证实
justificationism 证明主义 verisimilitude 逼真性
logical positivism 逻辑实证主义 world 1 世界1
macrologic 宏观逻辑 world 2 世界2
mentalism 精神主义 world 3 世界3
metalanguage 元语言
metascience 元科学
metatheory 元理论
micrologic 微观逻辑
naive falsificationism 朴素证伪主义
naive instrumentalism 朴素工具主义
anomaly 反常 negative heuristic 反面启发法
auxiliary assumption 辅助假定 non-normal science 非常规科学
auxiliary hypothesis 辅助假说 non-science 非科学
basic statement 基本陈述 normal science 常规科学
behaviourism 行为主义 object language 对象语言
conceptual framework 概念框架 objectivism 客观主义
confirm 确证 observational statement 观察陈述
confirmation 确证 operativism 操作主义
conjecture 推测 panpsychism 泛心论
conventionalism 约定论 parallelism 平行论
conversion 改宗、改变信仰
paradigm 规范
corroborate 确认 perceptual experience 知觉经验
corroboration 确认 physicalism 物理主义
counter-induction 反归纳 pluralism 多元论
critical rationalism 批判理性主义 pluralistic realism 多元实在论
critical realism 批判实在论 positive heuristic 正面启发法
critical thought 批判思维
positivism 实证主义
crucial experiment 判决性实验 potential falsifier 潜在证伪者
deduction 演绎、演绎法 prescience 前科学
degree of corroboration 确认度 principle of induction 归纳原理
determinism 决定论 principle of proliferation 扩散原理
dogmatic thought 教条思维 principle of tenacity 靭性原理
demarcation 分界 principle of transference 传递原理
disposition 素质、倾向 problem of induction 归纳问题
downward causation 下向因果性 problem shift 问题转换
emergence 突现 problem situation 问题状况
epiphenomenalism 附带现象论 proof 证明
epistemological anarchy 认识论无政府状态 propensity 倾向性
epistemology 认识论 pseudo-science 类科学、伪科学
error-elimination 除错 psychologism 心理主义
essentialism 本质论 radical instrumentalism 激进工具主义
explanation 解释 rationlism 理性主义
fallibilism 易谬主义 rationality 理性
fallibility 易谬性 realism 实在论
falsifiability 可证伪性 reality 实在
falsification 证伪 reductionism 还原论
falsificationism 证伪主义 refutability 可反驳的
falsify 证伪 refutation 反驳
falsity content 虚假性内容 research programme 研究纲领
first world 第一世界 second world 第二世界
formal language 形式语言 simplicity 简单性
gestalt switch 格式塔转换 singular statement 单称陈述
improbablity 不可几性 sophisticated falsificationism 精致的证伪主义
irrationalism 非理性主义 subjectioism 主观主义
guess 猜测 tentative theory 试验性理论
heuristic 启发法 test 检验
hypothesis 假说 testability 可检验性
indeterminism 非决定论 theory-laden 渗透理论
induction 归纳、归纳法 third world 第三世界
inductionism 归纳主义 thought experiment 思想实验
initial condition 初始条件 trial and error 试错法
instant rationality 即时理性 truth content 真理性内容
instrumentalism 工具主义 universal statement 全称陈述
interactionism 相互作用论 upward causation 上向因果性
irrefutability 不可反驳性 verifiability 可证实的
justification 证明 verification 证实
justify 证明 verify 证实
justificationism 证明主义 verisimilitude 逼真性
logical positivism 逻辑实证主义 world 1 世界1
macrologic 宏观逻辑 world 2 世界2
mentalism 精神主义 world 3 世界3
metalanguage 元语言
metascience 元科学
metatheory 元理论
micrologic 微观逻辑
naive falsificationism 朴素证伪主义
naive instrumentalism 朴素工具主义
房地产英语常用词汇
按揭贷款mortgage loan
按揭购房to buy a house on mortgage; to mortgage a house
房屋空置率housing vacancy rate
安居工程Comfortable Housing Project
板楼，板式楼slab-type apartment building
搬迁户a relocated unit or household
财产税 property tax; estate(or capital) duty
拆迁补偿费compensation for demolition
拆迁费用removal expense
城镇住房公积金urban housing provident fund
低价住房low-cost housing
二手房second-hand house
房产估价师real estate assessor
房产证property ownership certificate
房屋置换buy or exchange houses
炒房者real estate speculator
房改housing system reform
房管real estate management
房权证property right certificate
房产市场real estate market
房屋空置率housing vacancy rate
福利分房welfare-oriented public housing allocation system
个人购房贷款individual housing loan
公房商品化commercialization of public housing
集资房 houses built with funds collected by the buyers
居民住房建设residential construction
人均住房per-capital housing
现房complete department (or flat)
期房forward delivery housing
商品房commercial residential building
商品房空置the vacancy in commercial housing
政策性住房policy-related house, policy-based house
住房补贴rental allowance; housing allowance
住房分配货币化进程capitalization process of housing distribution/allocation
按揭购房to buy a house on mortgage; to mortgage a house
房屋空置率housing vacancy rate
安居工程Comfortable Housing Project
板楼，板式楼slab-type apartment building
搬迁户a relocated unit or household
财产税 property tax; estate(or capital) duty
拆迁补偿费compensation for demolition
拆迁费用removal expense
城镇住房公积金urban housing provident fund
低价住房low-cost housing
二手房second-hand house
房产估价师real estate assessor
房产证property ownership certificate
房屋置换buy or exchange houses
炒房者real estate speculator
房改housing system reform
房管real estate management
房权证property right certificate
房产市场real estate market
房屋空置率housing vacancy rate
福利分房welfare-oriented public housing allocation system
个人购房贷款individual housing loan
公房商品化commercialization of public housing
集资房 houses built with funds collected by the buyers
居民住房建设residential construction
人均住房per-capital housing
现房complete department (or flat)
期房forward delivery housing
商品房commercial residential building
商品房空置the vacancy in commercial housing
政策性住房policy-related house, policy-based house
住房补贴rental allowance; housing allowance
住房分配货币化进程capitalization process of housing distribution/allocation
美军军衔
Army 陆军
General of the Army 五星上将
General 上将
Lieutenant General 中将
Major General 少将
Brigadier General 准将
Colonel 上校
Lieutenant Colonel 中校
Major 少校
Captain 上尉
First Lieutenant 中尉
Second Lieutenant 少尉
Chief Warrant Officer 一级准尉
Warrant Officer 二级准尉
Master Sergeant 军士长
Sergeant First Class 上士
Sergeant 中士
Corporal 下士
Private First Class 一等兵
Private 二等兵
Basic Private 三等兵
Air Force 空军
General of the Air Force 五星上将
General 上将
Lieutenant General 中将
Major General 少将
Brigadier General 准将
Colonel 上校
Lieutenant Colonel 中校
Mayor 少校
Captain 上尉
First Lieutenant 中尉
Second Lieutenant 少尉
Chief Warrant Officer 一级准尉
Warrant Officer 二级准尉
Master Sergeant 军士长
Technical Sergeant 技术军士
Staff Sergeant 参谋军士
General of the Army 五星上将
General 上将
Lieutenant General 中将
Major General 少将
Brigadier General 准将
Colonel 上校
Lieutenant Colonel 中校
Major 少校
Captain 上尉
First Lieutenant 中尉
Second Lieutenant 少尉
Chief Warrant Officer 一级准尉
Warrant Officer 二级准尉
Master Sergeant 军士长
Sergeant First Class 上士
Sergeant 中士
Corporal 下士
Private First Class 一等兵
Private 二等兵
Basic Private 三等兵
Air Force 空军
General of the Air Force 五星上将
General 上将
Lieutenant General 中将
Major General 少将
Brigadier General 准将
Colonel 上校
Lieutenant Colonel 中校
Mayor 少校
Captain 上尉
First Lieutenant 中尉
Second Lieutenant 少尉
Chief Warrant Officer 一级准尉
Warrant Officer 二级准尉
Master Sergeant 军士长
Technical Sergeant 技术军士
Staff Sergeant 参谋军士
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